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ÛŒÐd˜á"á" ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜSÝÚƒ.Ú10Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝParking.݃/ÉÜSnÝÛ€. ÛŒÐvªá"á" ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÝÚƒ.Ú11Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝRoad€surface€and€highway€design.݃/ÉÜ2ÝÛ€. یЈ¼á"á" ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜóÝÚƒ.Ú12Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝRoad€works.݃/ÉÜóÝÛ€. یКÎá"á" ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉܺÝÚƒ.Ú13Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝPowered€two€wheelers€in€bus€lanes.݃/ÉܺÕÝÛ€. یЬàá"á" ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉܘÝÚƒ.Ú14Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝPowered€two€wheelers€as€an€alternative€to€the€car.݃/Éܘ³ÝÛ€.یоòá"á" ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/É܆ÝÚƒ.Ú15Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝPowered€two€wheelers€as€an€affordable€mode€of€transport.݃/É܆¡ÝÛ€.ÛŒÐÐá"á" ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜzÝÚƒ.Ú16Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝWhat€other€Councils€are€doing.݃/ÉÜz•ÝÛ€.ÛŒÐâá"á" ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜTÝÚƒ.Ú17Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝImplementation,€monitoring€and€review.݃/ÉÜToÝÛ€.ÛŒÐô (á"á" ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜ6ÝÚƒ.Ú18Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝAcknowledgements.݃/ÉÜ6QÝÛ€.ÛŒÐ":á"á" ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÝÚƒ.Ú19Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝAppendix€A:€A€Study€of€Motorcycle,€Moped€and€Scooter€Use€in€Sandwell€„Ð #L Ðsummary€of€results.Ô#†X°vX »¼);Ú #Ô݃/ÉÜÝÛ€.ÛŒÐ*$^á"á" ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌò òÔ€Üþ° ÜXX°vÔÔ‡¼); » ÜÜþ°ÔFor€further€information€about€this€Strategy€contact:„Ô#†Üþ° Ü »¼);t#ÔÐ 'H" ÐÔ‡¼); » ÜÜþ°ÔAlan€Tillyó ó,Ð ((\#  ТSandwell£€¢M.B.C.£ÌDEPARTMENT€OF€ENVIRONMENT€AND€DEVELOPMENT€SERVICES,Ì¢P.O.£€Box€42,€Development€House,€Lombard€Street,ÌWest€Bromwich,€West€Midlands.€¢B70£€¢8RU£.Ìò òTel.ó ó€0121€569€4261,€ò òFaxó ó.€0121€569€4072,Ð ˆ-¼(% Ðò òÓ  Óe„mailó ó€¢alan_tilly£@¢sandwell.gov.uk£€Ô#†Üþ° Ü »¼);#Ôò òÐ   .Ô)& ÐÑ ïVÑâ  âÑÌÑâ  âÑ  ÑԇОdÑ ÜÜþ°ÔÓ  Ó1Ô#†Üþ° ÜÑОdç#Ô.€Chairmans€Foreword.ó óÔ‡¼); » ÜÜþ°ÔÐ  ÐÓWCÜÜ4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!ü!¬&)\+´- 0d2¼4°œXWÓÔ#†Üþ° Ü »¼);N#ÔÔ‡¼); » ÜÜþ°ÔÌà  àEveryone€has€travel€needs.€€People€need€to€get€their€shopping,€travel€to€workÏand€visit€family€or€friends.€€The€fortunate€ones€can€choose€how€they€travel.€€If€theyÏcan€afford€it€they€could€travel€by€car,€if€they€live€near€a€bus€stop€or€train€station€byÏpublic€transport€and€if€they€are€able€they€can€walk€or€cycle.€€We€have€inherited€a€Ïtransport€hierarchy.€€The€car€is€at€the€top€of€this€list,€cycling€and€walking€somewhereÏnear€the€bottom.€€Powered€two€wheelers€hardly€appear€on€the€list€at€all.€€This€isÏdespite€the€fact€that€many€rely€on€a€motorcycle€to€get€around€but€from€the€momentÏthey€set€off€they€are€vulnerable€as€well€as€facing€a€whole€range€of€other€difficulties.€Ï€ÌÌà  àPowered€two€wheelers€come€in€all€shapes€and€sizes.€€We€all€like€to€get€on€ourÏbikes€and€go€for€a€ride,€ððLive€to€Ride,€Ride€to€Liveðð€if€I€may€borrow€from€whatÏsomeone€else€once€said,€butÔ#†Üþ° Ü »¼);ü#ÔÔ‡¼); » ÜÜþ°Ô€€it€should€never€be€forgotten€that€they€satisfy€the€ridersÐ ‡ê Ðdaily€travel€needs.€As€congestion€gets€worse€and€the€cost€of€motoring€rises€more€andÏmore€people€are€choosing€to€travel€by€powered€two€wheelers.€€Notice€how€manyÏnewly€registered€brightly€coloured€scooters€are€now€on€the€road€often€carrying€ððLððÏplates.€€Times€are€changing€and€itððs€time€to€take€motorcycling€further.Ô#†Üþ° Ü »¼);¿#ÔÔ‡¼); » ÜÜþ°ÔÐ Ï2 ÐÌà  à¢Sandwell£€Council€recognised€that€powered€two€wheelers€satisfy€travel€need,Ïare€a€vulnerable€mode€of€transport€and€their€numbers€are€growing€but€had€no€strategyÏfor€them.€€It€was€at€this€point€that€the€decision€was€made€to€produce€a€ððStrategy€forÏPowered€Two€Wheelers€in€¢Sandwell£ðð.€€Who€better€to€produce€it€then€than€ridersÏthemselves.€€€€ÌÌÒ°àÒÒ±°Òà  àFrom€the€outset€we€have€tried€to€produce€a€document€that€is€as€comprehensiveÏas€possible.€€I€consider€that€this€has€been€achieved.€€Each€topic€and€the€issuesÏsurrounding€it€have€been€considered€in€turn.€€This€raises€€awareness€of€powered€twoÏwheelers€and€how€decision€makers€can€respond€to€the€challenges€ahead.€€TheÏStrategy€puts€two€wheelers€firmly€on€¢Sandwell£ððs€transport€agenda.€€The€sharedÏobjectives€are€goals€that€the€Council€and€the€Forum€are€committed€to€achieve.ÌÌà  àThis€Strategy€leads€the€way€and€sets€the€standards€for€others€to€follow.€€ToÏthose€that€gave€their€time€and€effort€producing€it€you€are€to€be€commended€and€haveÏachieved€something€others€have€failed€to€do.€€You€have€put€something€back€into€thisÏpride€and€passion€of€ours€and€earned€the€right€to€call€yourself€a€MOTORCYCLIST.ÌÌò òPat€Riley€(Proud€to€be)€Chairman,€¢Sandwell£€Motorcyclists€Forum.ó óÔ#†Üþ° Ü »¼);–!#ÔÔ‡¼); » ÜÜþ°ÔÐ  7/š*& ÐÔ#†Üþ° Ü »¼);ý&#ÔÔ€¼); » ÜÜþ°Ôò òԇОdÑ »¼);Ô2Ô#†¼); »ÑОdv'#ÔÔ‡Üþ° Ü »¼);Ô.€Executive€Summary.Ð  ÐÔ#†¼); » ÜÜþ°¹'#ÔÌà  àó óPowered€two€wheelers€are€used€by€people€to€satisfy€their€travel€needs.€€TheyÐ ± Ðare€a€distinct€class€of€road€user€and€have€a€different€perspective€on€a€whole€range€ofÏissues.€€They€are€concerned€about€their€safety,€the€road€surface,€theft€and€parking€asÏwell€as€many€other€matters.€€ÌÌà  àSandwell€Council€recognises€this€and€has€set€up€the€Sandwell€MotorcyclistsÏForum.€€This€group€was€invited€to€write€the€Sandwell€Strategy€for€Powered€TwoÏWheelers.€€The€Forum€have€discussed€their€concerns€€and€come€forward€with€waysÏin€which€they€can€be€addressed.€€These€ideas€were€then€presented€to€the€Council.€ÏAfter€some€consultation€and€discussion€Sandwell€Council€and€SandwellÏMotorcyclists€Forum€now€have€come€forward€with€range€of€shared€objectives€that€inÏpartnership€they€will€both€now€strive€to€achieve.€€This€Strategy€presents€the€ridersððÏconcerns€often€supported€by€empirical€evidence€and€sets€out€ways€in€which€theÏobjectives€can€be€achieved.€€€€€€ò òÐ ›þ ÐÌÔ‡Üþ° Ü »¼);ÔCommitment.Ð Á$ ÐÔ#†¼); » ÜÜþ° ,#ÔÌà  àó óSandwell€Council€recognises€that€powered€two€wheelers€are€a€distinct€class€ofÐ ‚ Ðroad€users.€€When€making€a€journey€by€PTW€the€rider€experiences€a€whole€range€ofÏproblems€and€difficulties€not€always€apparent€to€car€drivers.€€The€Council€isÏcommitted€to€addressing€these€issues€to€make€PTW€riders€journey€safer€and€easier.€ò òÔ‡Üþ° Ü »¼);ÔÐ U¸ ÐÔ#†¼); » ÜÜþ°è-#ÔÌÔ‡Üþ° Ü »¼);ÔShared€objectives.Ô#†¼); » ÜÜþ°@.#ÔÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔÐ {!Þ ÐØ€.Øó óÌÔ#†¼); »çè ‚”.#ÔÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜ /ÝÚƒ.Ú1Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝTo€take€proper€account€of€powered€two€wheelers€whenever€transportation€andÐ K%®  Ðland€use€strategies,€policies€and€proposals€or€major€highway€or€public€transportÏprojects€and€the€like€are€being€produced.݃/ÉÜ /&/ÝÛ€.یР## ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/Éܘ0ÝÚƒ.Ú2Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝTo€reduce€the€number€and€severity€of€all€accidents€involving€powered€twoÐ “)ö$ Ðwheelers.݃/Éܘ0³0ÝÛ€.یР## ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/Éܲ1ÝÚƒ.Ú3Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝTo€reduce€motorcycle€crime€in€Sandwell.݃/Éܲ1Í1ÝÛ€.ÛŒÐÉ,,(!## ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜ•2ÝÚƒ.Ú4Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝTo€provide€powered€two€wheeler€riders€with€an€adequate€supply€of€safe€andÐ í.P*# Ðsecure€parking.݃/ÉÜ•2°2ÝÛ€.یР## ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/Éܶ3ÝÚƒ.Ú5Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝTo€address€the€traffic€and€highway€engineering€concerns€of€powered€twoÐ Á$ Ðwheeler€riders.€Ýƒ/Éܶ3Ñ3ÝÛ€.یР## ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÕ4ÝÚƒ.Ú6Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝTo€respond€to€the€concerns€of€powered€two€wheeler€riders€at€road€works.€Ýƒ/ÉÜÕ4ð4ÝÛ€.ÛŒÐ÷ Z## ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜÙ5ÝÚƒ.Ú7Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝTo€encourage€the€production€of€a€common€sub€regional€policy€on€powered€twoÐ  ~ Ðwheelers€in€bus€lanes.݃/ÉÜÙ5ô5ÝÛ€.یР## ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜ7ÝÚƒ.Ú8Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝTo€raise€awareness€amongst€all€road€users€of€the€environmental€and€congestionÐ Q´  Ðconsequences€of€their€travel€choices.݃/ÉÜ77ÝÛ€.یР## ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜ=8ÝÚƒ.Ú9Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝTo€tackle€social€exclusion€arising€from€poor€accessibility€and€mobility.€€Ýƒ/ÉÜ=8X8ÝÛ€. یЇê ## ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ‚/ÉÜÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚/ÉÜC9ÝÚƒ.Ú10Ú  Ú.à0  àÝ  ÝTo€take€forward€the€issues€raised€and€deliver€action€by€maintainingÐ « Ðpartnership.݃/ÉÜC9^9ÝÛ€. یР## ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÐ  áD Ðò òÓ  ÓÔ‡ÑÙ »¼);ÔPart€One.Ð  ÐÌ€Setting€theÏscene.Ô#†¼); »ÑÙ€:#Ôó óÐ  É, ÐÓt:Óò òԇОdÑ »¼);Ô3.Ô#†¼); »ÑОd;#ÔÔ‡Üþ° Ü »¼);Ô€Objective€of€the€strategy.Ô#†¼); » ÜÜþ°c;#ÔÐ  Ðó óà  àÌà  àThis€Strategy€provides€a€clear€way€forward€to€cater€for€the€special€needs€ofÏpowered€two€wheelers.€€It€sets€out€the€shared€objectives€of€the€Council€and€SandwellÏMotorcyclists€Forum€and€presents€the€issues€that€need€to€be€addressed.€€It€alsoÏindicates€the€probable€way€in€which€they€will€start€to€be€tackled.ò òÐ å H ÐÐ  ÷ Z ÐԇОdÑ »¼);Ô4.€Ô#†¼); »ÑОdR=#Ô€Ô‡Üþ° Ü »¼);ÔBackground.Ô#†¼); » ÜÜþ°˜=#Ôó óÐ  ÐÌÔ‡ ¼); » »¼);ÔÔ‡ [¾n[ » ¼);Ôà  àÔ#† ¼); »[ [¾n>#ÔIn€February€1997€the€Labour€Party€published€ððBike€to€Basics€„€LabourððsÐ ¯ ÐStrategy€for€Motorcyclesðð.€€This€document€outlined€the€advantages€a€powered€twoÏwheeler€can€offer€the€user€and€their€environmental€benefits€in€comparison€to€theÏmotor€car.€€Reference€was€made€to€the€fact€that€ððòòthey€are€between€twice€and€five€timesÐ å H Ðmore€fuel€efficient€than€the€motorcar€producing€half€the€carbon€dioxide€emissionsÏand€up€to€a€third€of€the€carbon€monoxide€emissions€of€unleaded€vehiclesðð€óóand€thatÐ  l  Ðthey€can€ððòòassist€congestion€by€legally€completing€their€journeys€in€half€the€time€ofÐ ~  Ðother€road€usersóóððÔ‡ [¾n[ » ¼);Ô€Ô#† ¼); »[ [¾n%A#ÔÔ‡ ˆ< » ¼);Ô(Bike€to€Basics€„Labourððs€Strategy€for€Motorcyclists,€Glenda€Jackson€MP,€February€1997)Ô#† ¼); » ˆ  Ðof€these€are€recovered€compared€to€a€60€per€cent€recovery€rate€for€cars.€(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔMotorcycle€Industry,Ð íP  ÐPowered€Two€Wheelers,€The€SMART€Choice€in€Local€Transport€Plans,€A€Policy€Resource€KitÔ#†¼); »ˆ<«©#Ô).€€€€Those€never€returned€toÐ ÿb  Ðtheir€owner€€could€be:„€ÌÌÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥¸ªÝððà0  àÝ  Ýstripped€„€the€parts€could€be€sold€on€the€black€market€or€to€innocent€dealers€orÐ 5˜ Ðbuyers.€Ýƒ'û¥¸ªÓªÝŒÐ ## ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥©«Ýððà0  àÝ  Ýrung€„€the€bike€could€be€given€a€new€identity€number€and€registration€plate.݃'û¥©«Ä«ÝŒÐY¼## ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥¬Ýððà0  àÝ  Ýexported€„€sold€in€another€country.݃'û¥¬œ¬ÝŒÐkÎ## ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥0­Ýððà0  àÝ  Ýused€for€fraudulent€insurance€claims.݃'û¥0­K­ÝŒÐ}à## ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà  àA€ððStudy€of€Motorcycle,€Moped€and€Scooter€Use€in€Sandwellðð€found€theftÏranked€third€as€riders€main€concern€after€ððother€road€usersðð€and€ððroad€surfaceðð.ÌÌò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔActions€and€Policy.ó óÔ#†¼); »çè ‚œ®#ÔÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔÐ ×": ÐÔ#†¼); »çè ‚ô®#ÔÌà  àà ` àCompared€to€other€vehicles€¢PTWs£€are€relatively€modest€in€size€andÏweight€and€may€have€a€high€monetary€value.€€This€makes€them€attractive€and€easyÏtargets€for€the€opportunist€thief€who€can€wheel€them€away€or€bundled€into€a€van€inÏseconds.€€All€machines€are€at€risk.€€However€the€risk€of€theft€can€be€reduced€byÏmaking€things€as€difficult€as€possible€for€the€casual€and€professional€thief.€€TheÏHome€Office€campaign€ððCRIME€together€weððll€crack€itðð€recommends€riders€take€theÏprecautions€listed€in€Table€One.€€These€are€all€things€that€the€Council€and€the€PoliceÏamongst€others€can€have€an€influence€over.€€The€below€shows€how€the€Council€theÏPolice,€PTW€riders,€dealers,€developers,€and€manufacturers€can€all€take€action€to€helpÏreduce€PTW€crime.€Ð /v*# ÐÑ#ïPÑâ #âÑmÑâ #âÑ  ÑÌà  àÌÌÌÐ  µH ÐÑTR_¬Á&Ï6A4 LandscapeWÏ6Á&A4Á&Ï6A4 LandscapeÏ6Á&A4TÑÌò òTABLE€ONE.€ó óTaking€action€against€powered€two€wheeler€theft.Ð … ÐÌÔ*wƒ+ ddd Xdd Xdd X°3°3wÔÔ,6 dd ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ,J dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ !€HH µH !ÐÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);Ôò òPRECAUTIONó óÐ -€H¬HH -Ðò òACTIONó óÐ -€HH¬H -Ðò òBY€WHOMó óÔ#†¼); »çè ‚vµ#ÔÐ 0€H!¬HH „„0ÐDuring€the€day€park€in€a€busyÐ 9 Ì Ðpublic€place.Ð +!Q äH +ÐLocate€PTW€parking€bays€in€conspicuousÏlocations.€Ð €H Q ä  ÐThe€ò òCounciló ó€and€ò òDevelopersó ó€inÐ 9 Ì  Ðconsultation€with€the€ò òPoliceó ó€andÐ Q ä  Ðò òSandwell€Motorcyclists€Forumó ó.Ð 0€H!i ü H „„0ÐAt€night€park€in€a€well€lit€area.Ð +!¨ H +ÐLocate€PTW€parking€bays€in€well€lit€areas,Ïprovide€additional€lighting€if€necessary.ÌÐ €H EØ  ÐThe€ò òCounciló ó€and€ò òDevelopersó ó€inÐ ¨  Ðconsultation€with€the€ò òPoliceó ó€andÐ -À  Ðò òSandwell€Motorcyclists€Forumó ó.Ð 0€H!EØ H „„0ÐTry€to€vary€the€parking€place.Ð +!ñ„ H +ÐProvide€PTW€riders€with€an€option€of€where€toÏpark.Ð €H  œ ÐThe€ò òCounciló ó.Ð 0€H!ñ„ H „„0ÐWhenever€possible€useÐ µH Ðdesignated€parking€areas€thatÏhave€anchor€points€provided.Ð +!åxH +ÐProvide€anchor€points.Ð €H µH ÐThe€ò òCounciló ó€and€ò òDevelopersó ó.Ð 0€H!µHH „„0ÐUse€car€parks€that€display€theÐ ‘$ ÐððSecure€Car€Parkðð€sign.Ð +!©<H +ÐInvestigate€and€if€appropriate€adopt€the€ððSecureÏCar€Parkðð€initiative.Ð €H ©<! ÐThe€ò òCounciló ó€and€ò òPoliceó ó.Ð ‘$" ÐÌâ âÐ 0€H!ÁT$H „„0ÐÑ%&Ñâ %âÑTR_¬Á&Ï6A4 Landscape_¬Á&Ï6A4 LandscapeÁ&Ï6A4 LandscapeÁ&Ï6A4 LandscapeTÑâ %âÑ  ÑAlways€engage€the€steering€lock.Ð +!ÑdH +ÐAll€PTWs€should€have€a€steering€lock€and€ridersÏshould€be€encouraged€to€use€it.Ð €H é| Ðò òManufacturersó ó€to€includeÐ Ñd Ðsteering€locks,€ò òPoliceó ó€to€run€aÐ é| Ðcampaign€aimed€at€PTW€theftÏâ âprevention.Ð 0€H!¬H „„0ÐDonððt€leave€your€crash€helmet€orÐ Å X Ðother€possessions€attached€to€theÏmotorcycle€or€in€the€pannierÏbags.Ð +!   H +ÐWherever€possible€PTW€parking€bays€shouldÏhave€lockers€for€the€storage€of€protectiveÏclothing€etcÐ €H õ ˆ ÐThe€ò òCounciló ó€as€a€car€parkÐ Å X Ðoperator€and€through€policies€inÏits€development€plan.Ð 0€H!õ ˆH „„0ÐFit€a€motorcycle€alarm.Ð +!¹L H +ÐThe€riders€responsibility.Ð €H ¹L  Ðò òPoliceó ó€to€run€a€sustainedÐ ¹L  Ðcampaign€aimed€at€PTW€theftÏprevention.Ð 0€H!é| H „„0ÐSecurity€mark€as€many€parts€ofÐ •( Ðthe€motorcycle€and€accessoriesÏas€possible€with€the€VehicleÏIdentification€Number,Ïregistration€number€or€yourÏpostcode.Ð +!  H +ÐThe€riders€responsibility.Ð €H •( Ðò òPoliceó ó€to€run€a€sustainedÐ •( Ðcampaign€aimed€at€PTW€theftÏprevention.Ð :€HH%ÅX H „„……:Ðò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔBuying€a€bikeó ó:„Ô#†¼); »çè ‚FÄ#ÔÐ <€H-"¹L!HH „„<ÐWhat€built€in€security€featuresÐ Ùl" Ðdoes€it€have?Ð +!ñ„#H +ÐThe€riders/buyers€responsibility€to€check.Ð €H Ùl$ Ðò òPoliceó ó€to€run€a€sustainedÐ Ùl% Ðcampaign€aimed€at€PTW€theftÏprevention.â âÐ 0€H! œ'H „„0ÐDoes€it€have€an€alarm,Ð Ñd Ðâ âimmobiliser€and€identificationÏnumbers?Ð +!”H +ÐThe€riders/buyers€responsibility€to€check.Ð €H Ñd Ðò òPoliceó ó€to€run€a€sustainedÐ Ñd Ðcampaign€aimed€at€PTW€theftÏprevention.Ð :€HH%”H „„……:Ðò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔIf€buying€second€handó ó:„Ô#†¼); »çè ‚†Ç#ÔÐ <€H-"­@HH „„<ÐHave€you€seen€the€originalÐ Í `  Ðregistration€document?Ð +!å x H +ÐThe€riders/buyers€responsibility€to€check.€€Set€upÏa€ððbike€watch€schemeðð.€€€ÌÐ €H ý   Ðò òPoliceó ó€to€set€up€a€ððbike€watchÐ Í ` Ðschemeðð€and€run€a€sustainedÏcampaign€aimed€at€PTW€theftÏprevention.Ð 0€H!¨ H „„0ÐCheck€if€itððs€the€sellers€name€onÐ ÁT  Ðthe€document.Ð +!Ùl H +ÐThe€riders/buyers€responsibility€to€check.€Set€upÏa€ððbike€watch€schemeðð.€Ð €H Ùl  Ðò òPoliceó ó€to€set€up€a€ððbike€watchÐ ÁT  Ðschemeðð€and€run€a€sustainedÏcampaign€aimed€at€PTW€theftÏprevention.Ð 0€H! œH „„0ÐHas€the€motorcycle€frame€orÐ µH Ðengine€been€tampered€with?Ð +!Í`H +ÐThe€riders/buyers€responsibility€to€check.€€Set€upÏa€ððbike€watch€schemeðð.€Ð €H Í` Ðò òPoliceó ó€to€set€up€a€ððbike€watchÐ µH Ðschemeðð€and€run€a€sustainedÏcampaign€aimed€at€PTW€theftÏprevention.Ð 0€H!ý!H „„0ÐDoes€the€frame€or€engine€numberÐ ©<" Ðmatch€that€on€the€registrationÏdocument?Ð +!Ùl$H +ÐThe€riders/buyers€responsibility€to€check.€€Set€upÏa€ððbike€watch€schemeðð.€Ð €H ÁT& Ðò òPoliceó ó€to€set€up€a€ððbike€watchÐ ©<' Ðschemeðð€and€run€a€sustainedÏcampaign€aimed€at€PTW€theftÏprevention.â âÐ )€HHñ„*H )ÐòòCan€the€seller€provide€proof€andÐ Ñd Ðâ âidentity€of€address?óóÐ )€Hé|HH )ÐThe€riders/buyers€responsibility€to€check.€€Set€upÏa€ððbike€watch€schemeðð.€Ð +€HHé|H +Ðò òPoliceó ó€to€set€up€a€ððbike€watchÐ Ñd Ðschemeðð€and€run€a€sustainedÏcampaign€aimed€at€PTW€theftÏprevention.Ð&¬  HH &ÐÌà  àÌÌÌà  àÐ  Á T  ÐÑTRWÏ6Á&A4_¬Á&Ï6A4 LandscapeÏ6Á&A4Á&Ï6A4 LandscapeTÑòòò òDesign€of€parking€bays.ó óóó€Ð m Ðà  àà ` àTo€help€achieve€a€reduction€in€PTW€theft€the€Council€will€adhere€to€theÏfollowing€guidelines€and€encourage€others€to€do€the€same.€€PTW€parking€bays€shouldÏbe€provided€in€well€lit€places€and€where€there€are€many€passers„by€providing€ððcasualÏsurveillanceðð.€€This€can€help€deter€thieves€as€they€risk€being€disturbed€when€tryingÏto€steal€the€bike.€€In€car€parks€covered€by€Closed€Circuit€Television€Cameras€PTWÏparking€bays€should€be€covered€by€the€camerasðð€range€and€angle€of€view.€€€AnchorÏpoints€should€be€provided€to€give€the€rider€something€secure€to€fix€their€bike€to.€€ÏThese€should€be€robust€and€be€able€to€defeat€attempts€to€lift€them€out€of€the€groundÏor€breach€them€with€cutting€tools.€€The€anchor€point€should€be€compatible€with€aÏwide€range€of€bike€types€and€locking€devices.€€A€height€of€60cm€will€accommodateÏa€range€of€wheel€sizes€and€hinder€thieves€from€using€the€ground€as€leverage€for€boltÏcutters€and€jacks.€€Anchor€points€should€be€located€in€positions€that€do€not€pose€aÏhazard€to€partially€sighted€or€disabled€people.€€(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔA€Guide€to€the€Design€and€Provision€of€SECURE€PARKINGÐ ]ð  ÐFOR€MOTORCYCLES,€1996€Edition,€Nich€Brown.Ô#†¼); »ˆ<Ö#Ô)€Ð o ÐÌà  àMany€PTWs€are€stolen€by€being€lifted€into€a€van€and€then€driven€off.€€GoodÏdesign€can€help€minimise€this€type€of€theft€by€stopping€vans€etc€from€pulling€up€closeÏto€parking€bays.€€Unless€special€measures€are€taken€situations€will€inevitably€€ariseÏwhen€PTW€parking€spaces€are€used€or€blocked€by€other€vehicles.€€Rails€or€bollardsÏaround€the€PTW€parking€area€can€help€address€both€of€these€problems.€€SufficientÏspace€should€however€be€provided€to€allow€the€rider€to€manoeuver€the€bike€intoÏposition.ÌÌòòò òSecure€Car€Park€Schemes.ó óóóÐ #¶ Ðà  àIn€order€to€achieve€a€reduction€in€PTW€theft€the€Council€will€investigate€theÏmerits€of€the€Secure€Car€Park€Scheme.€€This€initiative€was€set€up€by€the€€police€withÏthe€support€of€other€interested€groups.€€It€encourages€public€and€private€car€parkÏoperators€to€improve€their€security€standards€to€reduce€criminal€activity€and€€increaseÏpublic€confidence€in€the€facilities€provided.€€The€scheme€is€not€only€geared€atÏexisting€car€parks€but€also€at€new€car€parks€so€that€good€design€can€be€adopted€fromÏthe€outset.ÌÌà  àThe€scheme€works€by€car€park€operators€requesting€€an€inspection€by€aÏqualified€Police€Crime€Prevention€Officer€to€ensure€standards€conform€with€specificÏcrime€prevention€criteria.€€Where€standards€fall€short€advice€and€encouragement€isÏthen€given€to€these€operators€to€achieve€the€level€of€security€required.€Ì€Ìà  àCar€parks€with€security€standards€which€meet€the€criteria€gain€a€prestigiousÏaward€consisting€of€a€plaque€incorporating€the€ððSecure€Car€Parksðð€logo.€€They€haveÏthe€right€to€display€this€plaque€on€their€premises.€€Two€grades€are€available,€gold€andÐ E/Ø*( Ðsilver€depending€on€the€standard€achieved.€€ÌÌà  àThe€ððSecure€Car€Parkðð€Scheme€is€being€administered€by€the€AutomobileÏAssociation.€€They€publish€information€about€the€location€and€grading€of€secure€carÏparks€and€provide€advice€to€the€motoring€public.€ÌÌòòò òLocker€facilities.ó óóóÐ Ù l Ðà  àPTW€riders€wear€helmets€and€often€waterproofs/protective€clothing.€A€helmetÏalone€is€expensive€costing€between€ð ð150€and€ð ð400.€€Upon€arrival€at€their€destinationÏthey€need€somewhere€to€store€this€gear.€€If€they€leave€it€on€the€bike€secured€as€bestÏthey€can€it€is€still€vulnerable€to€theft.€€Even€if€they€carry€it€with€them€it€may€still€beÏstolen€if,€for€example,€it€is€hidden€under€their€desk€at€work€or€put€down€for€a€fewÏseconds€whilst€in€a€shop.€€Secure€lockers€at€parking€bays€can€help€solve€this€problem.€ÏThe€scope€for€having€the€cost€of€the€lockers€provided€for€by€sponsorship€will€beÏlooked€into.ÌÌòòò òDealers€and€manufacturers.ó óóóÐ " Ðà  àThis€Strategy€highlights€that€it€is€not€only€the€Council€and€the€Police€who€haveÏa€responsibility€to€tackle€PTW€theft€but€also€dealers€and€manufacturers.€€Anti€theftÏmeasures€need€to€be€integrated€into€PTWs€at€the€design€stage.€€€€Dealers€also€have€aÏrole€to€play€at€the€point€of€sale€such€as€giving€advice€on€security€products.€€There€isÏa€market€both€in€stolen€bikes€and€parts.€€Occasionally€there€may€be€the€odd€dealer€orÏbreaker€€who€are€suspected€of€handling€stolen€bikes/parts€or€being€relaxed€in€theirÏattitude€to€this€matter.€ÌÌà  àPowered€two€wheeler€manufacturers€and€dealers€can€help€tackle€theft€by€fittingÏdata€tags€as€standard€on€all€new€models€and€providing€disc€locks€or€chains€with€allÏnew€machines.€€ÌÌà  àSandwell€riders€will€debate€bike€security€at€club€meetings€etc€and€becomeÏfamiliar€with€€PTWs€that€are€sold€with€good€security€design.€€These€comments€willÏbe€exchanged€between€each€other€and€even€forwarded€to€dealers€and€manufacturers.ÌÌòòò òRiders€responsibilities.ó óóóÐ Ã'V#! Ðà  àSome€thieves€actually€target€PTWs€because€they€know€some€are€easy€to€steal.€ÏRiders€themselves€can€sometimes€be€guilty€of€not€taking€sufficient€care€to€protectÏtheir€machines€from€being€stolen.€€This€could€be€through€ignorance€of€the€problemÏor€that€they€are€unaware€of€what€they€can€do€to€make€the€bike€more€secure.€€In€someÏcases€it€may€simply€be€due€to€carelessness.€€By€raising€awareness€amongst€ridersÏthemselves€of€PTW€security€the€opportunity€for€stealing€PTWs€would€fall€leading€toÏa€corresponding€fall€in€the€number€of€PTW€thieves€operating.€€An€ongoing€PoliceÐ C/Ö*( ÐCrime€Prevention€Campaign€targeted€at€PTW€riders€will€be€suggested€to€remindÏriders€that€it€is€their€responsibility€not€to€leave€a€bike€vulnerable€to€theft.€€All€PTWÏparking€bays€will€have€a€sign€reminding€riders€to€leave€their€bikes€securely€locked.ÌÌòòò òBike€Watch.ó óóóÐ µH Ðà  àThe€issue€of€theft€can€be€addressed€in€a€number€of€ways.€€One€example€of€goodÏpractice€is€the€ððThe€Leicestershire€and€Rutland€Motorcycle€Watchðð€scheme.€€This€isÏa€partnership€approach€to€the€problems€of€PTW€theft€involving€Leicestershire€PoliceÏMotorcycle€Dealers,€€Training€Centres,€Clubs€and€Pubs.€€The€objectives€of€theÏscheme€are:„€ÌÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥pêÝððà0  àÝ  ÝCirculate€the€details€of€stolen€bikes€and€provide€information€on€any€suspectsÐ #¶  Ðand/or€their€vehicles.€€Ýƒ'û¥pê‹ê݌Р## ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥nëÝððà0  àÝ  ÝWarn€motorcyclists€where€thieves€are€active€and€which€types€of€bikes€areÐ GÚ  Ðbeing€targeted.݃'û¥në‰ë݌Р## ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥^ìÝððà0  àÝ  ÝIdentify€and€circulate€what€security,€or€lack€of€security€is€being€breached.€€€€€Ð kþ Ðà ` à݃'û¥^ìyì݌Р## ÐŒÝ  Ýà  àA€dedicated€confidential€and€free€telephone€number€has€been€set€up€and€isÏpublicised€for€people€to€pass€on€information€about€PTW€thieves.€€ððMotorcycleÏWatchðð€has€a€list€of€participants€who€receive€regular€up„to„date€information€aboutÏrecent€PTW€crimes.€€Participants€are€helping€the€police€to€help€themselves€byÏproviding€more€ððeyes€and€earsðð€to€gather€information.€€Sandwellððs€own€Bike€WatchÏscheme€will€be€developed.€€€ÌÌòòò òWorking€with€young€people€and€adults.ó óóóÐ    Ðà  àIt€is€estimated€that€70€per€cent€of€PTW€theft€is€of€smaller€machines€by€youngÏpeople.€€These€machines€are€often€used€only€for€joy€riding€on€open€space,€andÏespecially€in€€Sandwell,€along€canal€towpaths.€€As€well€as€being€a€crime€in€itself€joyÏriding€is€a€nuisance€to€local€residents.€€Often€a€stolen€PTW€will€change€hands€manyÏtimes€making€it€almost€impossible€for€the€police€to€trace€its€history€and€prove€it€isÏstolen.€€Without€firm€evidence€that€it€is€stolen€they€are€unable€to€take€the€bike€fromÏthe€rider.€€ÌÌà  àThere€can€be€no€better€way€of€addressing€PTW€crime€than€by€stopping€itÏhappening€€in€the€first€place.€€It€is€one€of€the€objectives€of€the€Tipton€Wheels€ProjectÏset€up€in€1991€to€reduce€vehicle€crime€arising€from€young€people€being€bored€andÏhaving€nothing€to€do.€€The€project€has€2€full€time€staff€and€3€to€4€volunteers.€WhenÏit€first€started€between€10€to€20€youths€per€night€would€attend€and€spend€their€timeÏworking€on€cars,€motorbikes€and€push€bikes.€€About€400€young€people,€both€maleÏand€female€have€since€passed€through€the€scheme.ÌÌà  àThe€benefits€of€the€project€to€PTW€users€are€two„fold.€€It€helps€to€reduce€bikeÐ A/Ô*( Ðand€car€theft€by€young€people€and€the€riding€experience€they€gain€helps€them€to€goÏon€to€become€better€and€safer€motorcyclists€and€car€drivers.€€The€project€is€nowÏlooking€at€setting€up€other€projects€across€Sandwell€and€has€the€full€support€of€theÏCouncil€and€Sandwell€riders.€€ÌÌà  àÌÐ  Ù l ÐÔ€X°vX »¼);ÔԇОdÑXX°vÔò ò10.€Ô#†X°vXÑОd\õ#ÔÔ‡Üþ° ÜXX°vÔ€Parking.ó óÔ#†X°vX ÜÜþ°¥õ#ÔÔ‡¼); »XX°vÔÐ m ÐÌÔ#†X°vX »¼);óõ#Ôò òÔ‡è ‚çXX°vÔShared€objective:€To€provide€powered€two€wheelerÐ  Ðriders€with€an€adequate€supply€of€safe€and€secure€toÏpark.Ô#†X°vXçè ‚Nö#ÔÔ‡¼); »XX°vÔó óÐ  " ÐÌÔ#†X°vX »¼);÷#ÔÔ‡è ‚çXX°vÔò òIssuesÔ#†X°vXçè ‚j÷#ÔÔ‡è ‚çXX°vÔ.Ð )¼  Ðó óÔ#†X°vXçè ‚µ÷#ÔÔ€¼); »XX°vÔÌà  à€Powered€two€wheelers€are€no€different€to€cars€in€that€they€need€somewhere€toÏpark€once€they€have€arrived€at€their€destination.€€Motorcyclists€consider€that€they€areÏnot€catered€for€in€this€respect€„€there€is€an€€inadequate€supply€of€dedicated€and€secureÏparking€spaces.€€It€is€in€the€interests€of€the€Council€and€local€businesses€to€provideÏquality€parking€for€PTWs€in€Sandwellððs€town€centres.€€Powered€two€wheeler€ridersÏare€also€shoppers€and€the€availability€of€parking€influences€where€they€choose€toÏspend€their€money.€€Ì€Ìà  àNational€Campaigns€such€as€ððòòare€you€doing€your€bit?ððóó€and€TravelWise€areÐ Sæ Ðencouraging€the€public€to€travel€by€more€sustainable€modes€of€transport€including€Ïbus€and€rail.€€To€enable€the€motorist€to€travel€by€these€modes€park€and€ride€car€parksÏare€built€at€railway€stations€and€sometimes€on€the€edge€of€town€centres.€€If€PTW€usersÏare€also€to€be€encouraged€to€travel€by€bus€or€train€these€park€and€ride€sites€must€alsoÏinclude€quality€PTW€parking.€€The€White€Paper€ððA€New€Deal€For€Transport:€BetterÏFor€Everyone€„€DETR€1998'€states€that€local€authorities€should€address€PTW€parkingÏin€their€Local€Transport€Plans.€€It€requires€that€Councils€should€ððòòconsider€specificÐ Ñ d Ðmeasures€to€assist€motorcyclists€such€as€secure€parking€at€public€transportÏinterchange€sitesððóó.€€€€€Ð õ"ˆ ÐÌò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔActions€and€Policy.€Ô#†¼); »çè ‚´ý#ÔÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);Ôó óÐ %¬  ÐÔ#†¼); »çè ‚ þ#ÔÌà  àThe€Council€will€increase€the€supply€of€PTW€parking€to€meet€demand€byÏadopting€parking€standards.€€Developers€will€be€required€to€provide€parking€forÏpowered€two€wheelers,€the€number€of€spaces€needed€would€depend€on€the€size€andÏtype€of€the€development.òò€€óóThe€amount€of€PTW€parking€will€be€equal€to€5€per€cent€ofÐ é*|&  Ðthe€number€of€publicly€accessible€car€spaces€normally€provided.€€Powered€twoÏwheelers€spaces€are€in€addition€to€those€required€for€pedal€cycles.€€ÌÌà  àAs€already€mentioned€riders€need€somewhere€to€store€their€helmets€andÐ 1/Ä*$ Ðprotective€clothing€upon€arrival€at€their€destination.€€In€some€circumstances€lockersÏshould€be€provided.€€The€provision€of€lockers€shall€be€an€integral€part€of€newÏdevelopments€and€a€condition€of€planning€approval.€Alternatively€secure€PTWÏparking€with€lockers€could€be€funded€by€sponsorship,€an€obvious€example€is€localÏPTW€dealers.€Ì€Ìà  àWhen€PTW€parking€is€provided€it€should€be€properly€designed€so€that€ridersÏhave€the€confidence€to€use€it.€€If€there€is€a€risk€of€theft€it€will€not€be€used,€riders€willÏpark€instead€at€safer€locations€not€originally€intended€for€PTWs.€€Some€rider€choseÏto€travel€by€PTW€because€they€value€the€accessibility€they€afford.€€To€ensure€PTWÏparking€is€used€it€should€be€located€as€near€as€possible€to€the€riders€final€destination.Ì€€Ìà  àThe€Council€will€promote€good€PTW€parking€design.€€The€site€chosen€for€PTWÏparking€should€not€be€prone€to€flooding,€falling€tree€sap,€bird€droppings.€They€shouldÏnot€be€placed€over€drain€gratings€where€if€dropped€keys€would€be€lost.€€Some€PTWsÏcan€be€quite€heavy€and€they€need€a€good€level€surface€to€be€parked€upon.€€PoorÏquality€black€top€that€becomes€soft€in€hot€weather€is€unsuitable€and€the€bike€standÏwill€sink€into€the€surface€and€the€bike€will€eventually€topple€over.ñwññuñûÿÿdûñuññwññxñòòñxñ€The€size€of€ñ|ñoff„¼streetñ|ññ}ñoffñyñ„ñyñ€ñ}ññzñsñzññ}ññ{ñsñ{ñtreetñ}ñ€¢PTW£€parking€bays€is€crucial€to€good€designñxññvñóóñvññxññwñüÿÿdüñwññvñóóñvñ.€€They€should€all€have€bollards€toÏprevent€cars€from€parking€or€obstructing€them€and€have€anchor€points.òòÔ‡$¼=5-» »¼);Ô€€Ô#†¼); »-»$¼=5#ÔóóWheneverÐ ÃV Ðon„street€parking€bays€are€provided€it€will€be€located€in€positions€where€the€rider€canÏpark,€dismount€and€secure€the€bike€without€road€safety€being€compromised.€ÌÌà  àTo€ensure€that€riders€will€use€the€parking€facilities€provided€they€will€need€toÏbe€directed€to€it€by€road€signs.€€The€parking€also€needs€to€be€signed€again€in€the€carÏpark€not€only€€so€that€the€rider€can€find€it€but€also€to€let€motorists€know€it€is€for€PTWÏuse€only.€€These€signs€should€also€carry€a€reminder€for€the€rider€to€leave€theirÏpowered€two€wheeler€securely€parked.€ððLock€it€or€lose€itðð€is€a€good€message.€€TheÏcost€of€these€could€be€meet€through€sponsorship.€€Ìò òÌó óà  àPowered€two€wheeler€users€have€no€objection€to€paying€a€reasonable€chargeÐ ‹$  Ðfor€secure€parking€with€facilities€such€as€lockers€for€the€storage€of€protective€gear.€ÏThe€revenue€generated€could€be€used€for€their€up€keep.€€However€PTWs€will€beÏexempt€from€parking€charges€where€no€special€measures€have€been€taken€to€properlyÏaccommodate€them.€€€For€the€same€reasons€PTWs€should€also€be€excluded€from€roadÏpricing€in€whatever€form.€€This€is€justifiable€on€policy€grounds€since€PTWs€haveÏcongestion€benefits€over€the€driver€only€car.€ÌÌà  àIn€streets€where€residents€parking€schemes€are€in€operation€€PTWs€will€beÏâ âexempt.Ð -.À)' ÐԇОdÑ »¼);Ôò ò11.Ô#†¼); »ÑОd¨ #ÔÔ‡Üþ° Ü »¼);Ô€€Road€surface€and€highwayÐ m Ðâ âdesign.ÌÔ#†¼); » ÜÜþ°ð #ÔÌÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔShared€objective:€€To€address€the€traffic€and€highwayÐ Ë ^ Ðengineering€concerns€of€powered€two€wheeler€riders.€ó óÔ#†¼); »çè ‚t #ÔÐ S æ ÐÌÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔIssues.Ô#†¼); »çè ‚M#ÔÐ í€  ÐÌò òòòRoad€surface.óóó óÐ …  Ðà  àPowered€two€wheelers€are€often€highly€sensitive€to€imperfections€in€the€ridingÏsurface€which€may€not€affect€cars.€€ððA€Study€of€Motorcycle,€Moped€and€Scooter€UseÏin€Sandwellðð€found€that€ððroad€surfaceðð€ranked€second€as€motorcyclists€main€concern.€ÏMany€PTW€accidents€are€attributable€to€road€surface€problems€such€as€fuel€spillage,Ïpot€holes,€wet€roads,€ice,€slippery€inspection€chamber€covers€,€wet€leaves€and€debrisÏon€the€carriageway.ÌÌà  àFuel€spillage€leaves€the€road€treacherously€slippy.€€It€can€be€caused€by€driversÏnot€properly€securing€their€fuel€caps€or€overfilling€their€tanks.€€Poorly€maintained€orÏbadly€designed€tanks€can€also€be€a€cause.€€Often€a€trail€of€diesel€can€be€followedÏthough€finding€its€source€is€almost€impossible,€though€in€some€cases€vehicles€can€beÏfollowed€and€seen€to€be€spilling€fuel.€€Sometimes€there€is€spilt€fuel€on€the€highwayÏoutside€lorry/bus€depots€etc.€€Similarly€there€is€often€mud€on€the€road€in€the€vicinityÏof€building€sites.€€In€both€of€these€cases€the€cause€of€the€problem€is€more€obvious.ÌÌà  àRoads€need€to€be€regularly€swept€to€remove€patches€of€grit€etc.€€Often€thisÏaccumulates€in€the€centre€of€road€junctions.€€Road€sweepers€should€also€take€care€notÏto€create€patches€of€grit€over€time€by€always€missing€the€same€part€of€the€road.€€TheÏsalt€put€on€roads€in€winter€can€create€the€same€problem€though€obviously€this€€isÏbetter€than€ice.€€When€roads€are€gritted€care€should€be€taken€to€spread€the€salt€evenly.€Ï€ÌÌà  àWater€leaking€onto€the€highway€can€be€a€serious€problem€particularly€in€theÏwinter€when€it€may€freeze€and€turn€to€ice.€€The€responsibility€for€remedying€thisÏproblem€may€in€some€cases€be€with€the€Water€Authority.ÌÌà  àA€PTW€rider€needs€to€keep€constantly€checking€the€road€surface€ahead€to€beÏaware€of€potential€problems.€€The€poorer€the€quality€of€the€surface€the€more€thisÐ /+$ Ðneeds€to€be€done,€the€rider€is€momentarily€taking€his€eyes€off€the€road.€With€betterÏroad€surfaces€drivers€of€all€classes€of€vehicles€would€be€able€to€give€more€attentionÏto€other€hazards.ÌÌòòò òJunctions.ó óóóÐ µH ÐÒ°Òà õ àThe€single€most€likely€site€of€a€collision€involving€a€PTW€is€at,€or€near,€anÏurban€road€junction.€€Viability,€complexity€and€approach€speeds€are€all€significant.€ÏRoundabouts€and€other€priority€controlled€junctions€are€more€hazardous€for€PTWsÏthan€signal€controlled€junctions.€€Lane€markings€and€widths€are€significant€especiallyÏat€entrances€and€exits€(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔMotorcycle€Industry,€Powered€Two€Wheelers,€The€SMART€Choice€in€Local€Transport€Plans,€A€PolicyÐ ¤  ÐResource€KitÔ#†¼); »ˆ<¿#Ô).Ð #¶  ÐÌòòò òLane€widths.ó óóóÐ GÚ  Ðà õ àAlthough€most€PTWs€are€able€to€maintain€general€traffic€speeds€in€mostÏsituations€mopeds€are€designed€not€to€exceed€30€mph.€€Heavy€traffic€flows€and€highÏproportions€of€HGVs€presents€a€hazard€for€all€types€of€PTW.€€Attention€to€nearsideÏlane€width€is€important€to€ensure€safe€passing€of€and€passing€by€PTWs.€€OtherÏconsiderations€in€nearside€lane€width€are€stationary€vehicles,€car€doors€opening€andÏleft€turning€vehicles.ÌÌòòò òReporting€problems.ó óóóÐ Ùl Ðà õ àIt€is€the€Councilððs€absolute€responsibility€to€keep€roads€safe.€€Every€six€monthsÏall€roads€are€inspected€by€being€walked.€€The€target€is€to€repair€any€defects€within€24Ïhours,€in€85€to€95%€of€cases€this€is€met.€€Street€lights€are€patrolled€every€fortnight.ÏThe€Council€relies€upon€the€general€public€to€inform€them€of€any€problems,€thoughÏin€many€cases€these€go€unreported.€€The€Council€has€telephone€lines€to€reportÏproblems€though€awareness€of€these€numbers€amongst€PTW€riders€is€poor.€SimilarlyÏthe€telephone€numbers€for€the€Highways€Agency€are€also€not€commonly€known€orÏperceived€as€difficult€to€obtain.ÌÌòòò òRepairs.ó óóóÐ $"  Ðà õ àAfter€road€works€the€carriageway€should€be€reinstated€to€the€highest€standard.€ÏWhen€services€have€been€laid€or€dug€up€often€it€is€repaired€leaving€a€patch€ofÏsunken/uneven€blacktop.€€Those€at€the€Highway€Authority€responsible€for€checkingÏthe€quality€of€reinstatement€should€make€it€clear€from€the€outset€that€the€standardsÏexpected€will€not€be€compromised.€ÌÌòòò òRoundabouts.ó óóóÐ ,¢'% Ðà õ àThe€AA€also€found€that€motorcyclists€are€over€represented€in€accidents€atÏtraffic€islands.€Large€roundabouts€such€as€Birchley€Island€in€Sandwell€often€haveÏhigh€entry€speeds€and€more€than€two€lane€approaches.€€The€circulatory€carriagewayÐ G/Ú*( Ðis€wide€which€permits€the€traffic€to€travel€relatively€fast€around€the€island.€ÏCirculating€PTWs€are€often€struck€by€vehicles€that€fail€to€give€way€on€entering€theÏroundabout€€(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔWhat€goes€wrong€in€highway€design,€AA€Policy€Group,€February€1999Ô#†¼); »ˆ<©!#Ô).Ð ‘$ ÐÌòòò òInspection€chambers.ó óóóÐ µH ÐThere€are€28,000€inspection€chamber€covers€in€Sandwell.€€These€are€sometimes€madeÏof€smooth€metal€which€offers€comparatively€little€skid€resistance€especially€in€wetÏand€icy€€conditions.€€The€danger€they€pose€is€not€helped€when€they€are€positioned€inÏthe€centre€of€the€carriageway€especially€if€this€is€on€a€bend,€or€a€roundaboutððsÏcirculatory€carriageway/exit.€€They€may€force€riders€into€a€hazardous€line€in€order€toÏavoid€them€possibly€resulting€€in€loss€of€control€or€collision.ò ò€€ó óThe€€blacktopÐ #¶  Ðsurrounding€manholes€is€prone€to€breaking€up€resulting€in€a€pot€hole.ÌÌòòò òWhite€lines.€ó óóóÐ _ò  Ðà õ àWhite€lines€in€the€road€are€often€repainted€many€times€making€them€standÏproud€of€the€road€surface.€€This€causes€PTW€riders€problems€because€the€carriagewayÏis€uneven€and€can€steer€the€rider€out€of€line.€€This€matter€is€made€worse€as€some€whiteÏlines€are€smooth€and€offer€little€skid€resistance€particularly€when€wet.€€€€€€€ÌÌòòò òStreet€furniture.ó óóóÐ Í` Ðà õ àRoad€side€furniture,€such€as€lamp€posts,€road€signs€or€bus€stops€etc€close€to€theÏcarriageway€can€cause€a€rider€further€injury€if€they€have€an€accident.€€A€rider€wearingÏprotective€clothing€that€has€an€accident€resulting€in€them€sliding€on€the€highway€isÏmore€likely€to€be€seriously€€injured€if€they€hit€an€object€than€if€they€gradually€slide€toÏa€halt.€€It€is€out€of€the€question€to€remove€every€single€obstacle€but€it€is€possible€toÏlimit€their€number,€protect€them€and€avoid€dangerous€locations€such€as€the€outsideÏof€bends€or€the€apex€of€junctions.€ÌÌò òòòOverbanding.ó óóóÐ q" Ðà õ àOverbanding€refers€to€the€use€of€bitumen€to€seal€joints€in€the€road€surface,Ïoften€following€road€works.€€Bitumen€causes€PTW€riders€considerable€problems€Ïparticularly€in€wet€conditions€when€its€skid€resistance€is€much€lower€than€that€of€theÏsurrounding€black€top.€€Sandwell€Council€does€not€use€overbanding€for€these€reasons.€ÏIt€is€also€considered€to€be€expensive€and€can€shine€in€the€street€lights€if€wet€possiblyÏappearing€to€a€road€user€as€a€white€line.€€ÌÌòòò òSurface€dressings.ó óóóÐ +–&$ ÐGiven€that€skidding€is€a€major€hazard€to€PTW€riders€the€problems€caused€by€tar€andÏsurface€dressing€when€the€traffic€itself€is€relied€upon€to€complete€the€rolling€processÏshould€be€recognised.€€Loose€chippings€can€build€up€on€centre€lines€and€apexesÏmaking€cornering€and€overtaking€unnecessarily€hazardous.Ð M/à*( Ðòòò òTraffic€calming.ó óóóÐ m Ðà õ àThere€are€now€many€roads€in€¢Sandwell£€which€have€been€traffic€calmed.€ÏGenerally€traffic€calmed€roads€can€cause€difficulties€for€¢PTW£€riders€if€the€calmingÏmeasures€are€poorly€positioned,€unlit€and€not€well€sign€posted.€Table€Two€€presentsÏthe€different€types€of€traffic€calming€measures,€the€problems€they€cause€¢PTWs£€andÏmeasures€that€¢PTW£€riders€suggest€would€improve€their€design.Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÐ í € ÐÑTR_¬Á&Ï6A4 LandscapeWÏ6Á&A4Á&Ï6A4 LandscapeÏ6Á&A4TÑò òTABLE€TWO:„€ó óTraffic€calming€measures,€issues€and€good€design.Ð m ÐÌÔ*wƒ"+&dd6 dd dd J dd + 33wÔÔ,ºdd ÔÔ,ºdd ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ *€ 0 „„*ÐÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔTraffic€calming€measureÔ#†¼); »çè ‚Ê0#ÔÐ ?€*” „„?ÐÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔIssues€for€powered€twoÐ ” ÐwheelersÔ#†¼); »çè ‚b1#ÔÐ ?€*  „„?ÐÓ0ˆ"‡ˆ"ŒXXC†XÜÜŒXü!¬&†X0ÓÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔGood€designÔ#†¼); »çè ‚F2#ÔÐ +!” +ÐÓ4ÜÜŒXü!¬&†Xˆ"‡ˆ"ŒXXC†X24Óò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔSpeed€control€humpsÔ#†¼); »çè ‚õ2#Ôó óÐ  ­ @ ÐIf€a€rider€is€unaware€that€a€speedÏcontrol€hump€is€about€to€be€riddenÏover€and€it€is€negotiated€too€quicklyÏthe€rider€may€be€unseated€orÏdestabilised€and€lose€control.€€TheÏrider€may€not€see€it€coming€because:„€ÌÝ‚(‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦64Ýð"ðà0  àÝ  Ýit€is€poorly€lit€at€night€or€in€fog݃(‡¦64Q4ÝŒÐ=Ð ­!­! ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦å4Ýð"ðà0  àÝ  Ýit€is€not€sign€posted݃(‡¦å45ÝŒÐUè ­!­! ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦†5Ýð"ðà0  àÝ  Ýit€is€covered€in€snow݃(‡¦†5¡5ÝŒÐm­!­! ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦'6Ýð"ðà0  àÝ  Ýthe€painted€markings€haveÐ … Ðworn€away€Ýƒ(‡¦'6B6݌Р­!­! ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ã6Ýð"ðà0  àÝ  Ýit€is€located€on€or€in€theÐ µH Ðvicinity€of€a€bend݃(‡¦ã6þ6݌Р­!­! ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦¨7Ýð"ðà0  àÝ  Ýif€there€is€not€sufficient€groundÐ åx Ðclearance,€the€bottom€of€theÏbike€or€its€exhaust€may€hit€theÏground€damaging€the€bike€andÏpossibly€causing€a€loss€ofÏcontrol.݃(‡¦¨7Ã7݌Р]ð­!­! ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÓ0ˆ"‡ˆ"ŒXXC†XÜÜŒXü!¬&†X0ÓÝ‚(‡¦ç8Ýð"ðà0 Í$ àÝ  Ýeach€hump€should€be€clearlyÐ ­ @ Ðsign€posted݃(‡¦ç829݌РÍ$³/Í$³/ ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦Ö9Ýð"ðà0 Í$ àÝ  Ýeach€hump€should€be€well€litÐ Ý p Ðat€night€and€in€fog݃(‡¦Ö9ñ9݌РÍ$³/Í$³/ ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ž:Ýð"ðà0 Í$ àÝ  Ýsnow€should€be€cleared€away݃(‡¦ž:¹:݌Р  Í$³/Í$³/ ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦E;Ýð"ðà0 Í$ àÝ  Ýpainted€markings€should€beÐ %¸  Ðskid€resistant€and€repaintedÏas€soon€as€worn݃(‡¦E;`;݌РÍ$³/Í$³/ ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚(‡¦$<Ýð"ðà0 Í$ àÝ  Ýthey€should€only€be€locatedÐ m# Ðon€straight€stretches€of€road€Ýƒ(‡¦$<?<ÝŒâ âÐ …$Í$³/Í$³/ ÐŒÝ  ÝÓ4ÜÜŒXü!¬&†Xˆ"‡ˆ"ŒXXC†X94ÓÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);Ôò ò20€mph€speed€limit€zonesó óÔ#†¼); »çè ‚<=#ÔÐ Ñd Ðâ âÐ  ]ð ÐÐ  Ñd ÐÐ  Ñd Ðò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔRumble€devicesÔ#†¼); »çè ‚ý=#Ôó 󀄀featuresÐ  œ Ðwith€a€vibratory€and€audible€effectÐ  • ( ÐLess€noticeable€on€a€PTW€than€in€aÏcar.Ð  ! ´ ÐLocate€them€on€straight€stretches€ofÏhighway€onlyÐ  ! ´  Ðò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔPinch€pointsÔ#†¼); »çè ‚-?#Ôó 󀄀where€theÐ A Ô  Ðcarriageway€is€narrowed€to€a€singleÏlane€with€priority€in€one€directionÐ  å x  ÐOften€road€users€do€not€give€way€toÏthe€other€vehicle€even€though€it€hasÏpriority.€€PTW€riders€notice€that€theyÏare€more€likely€to€be€the€subject€ofÏthis€practice€when€they€are€riding€aÏPTW€as€opposed€to€travelling€in€aÏcar.€€€Ð  Ñd  ÐThe€gateway€should€be€well€lit€andÏclearly€signed€to€show€which€laneÏhas€priority.€€These€controls€shouldÏbe€enforced.€Ð  ‰  Ðò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔGatewaysÔ#†¼); »çè ‚‚A#Ôó 󀄀to€indicate€theÐ } Ðpresence€of€traffic€calming€in€theÏhighwayÌÐ  9Ì ÐGateways€give€a€clear€indication€toÏroad€users€that€traffic€calming€isÏbeing€approached€or€just€left.€€TheyÏshould€be€properly€lit.€Ð  ÅX  ÐProperly€lit€gateways€are€anÏexample€of€good€design.€€€Ð  •(" Ðò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔSpeed€cushionsÔ#†¼); »çè ‚C#Ôó 󀄀a€form€ofÐ åx# Ðroad€hump€that€allows€large€vehiclesÏto€straddle€eg€emergency€serviceÏvehiclesÐ  ¡4& ÐTo€avoid€the€jolt€of€the€cushion€PTWÏriders€often€choose€to€pass€on€theÏinside€where€rubbish€inevitablyÏaccumulates.€€This€can€lead€to€loss€ofÏcontrol€or€damage€to€the€bike.Ð  EØ+ ÐRegular€street€cleaning.€€SpeedÏcushions€with€a€narrow€lane€on€theÏinside€for€PTW€and€pedal€cycles€toÏuse€is€good€design.€â âÐ  -À/ Ðò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔHorizontal€deflectionsÔ#†¼); »çè ‚SE#Ôó ó€„Ð Ñd Ðâ âincluding€pinch€points,€build€outs€andÏchicanes.Ð  u ÐSmaller€PTWs€tend€to€be€riddenÏcloser€to€the€kerb.€€If€the€rider€isÏunaware€that€he€is€approaching€aÏhorizontal€deflection€it€may€be€hitÏresulting€in€accident€and€injury.ÌOther€€PTWs€are€however€often€ableÏto€negotiate€this€type€of€calmingÏkeeping€a€relatively€straight€line.€ÏThey€are€however€vulnerable€toÏtraffic€passing€in€the€other€directionÏswerving€out€to€avoid€build€outs€etcÏand€then€encroaching€into€theÏopposite€lane€and€the€path€of€an€onÏcoming€PTW.Ð   œ ÐAdequate€sign€posting€and€lightingÏto€warn€motorists€of€build€outs€etc.ÌThese€measures€work€best€whenÏthey€are€incorporated€into€a€newÏroad€at€the€design€stage.€€The€lineÏtraffic€has€to€take€is€then€moreÏobvious€to€all€road€users.€€ForÏexample€street€lights€will€followÏthe€route€of€the€road.ÌÐ  ©<  Ðò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔRaised€rib€markingsÔ#†¼); »çè ‚3I#Ôó ó€„Ð µH Ðcontinuous€line€markings€with€ribsÏacross€the€line€at€regular€intervals,Ïcommonly€found€between€the€insideÏlane€and€hard€shoulder€on€motorways€Ð  ‰  ÐLess€noticeable€riding€a€PTW€than€inÏa€car.Ð  Í`" ÐÐ  µH# Ðò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔTraffic€islands€for€speedÐ 5È$ ÐcontrolÔ#†¼); »çè ‚žJ#Ôó 󀄀including€miniÐ ÁT% ÐroundaboutsÐ  Mà& ÐThese€are€often€ignored€by€manyÏmotorists€Ð  Mà( Ðâ âÐ  5È) „„ÐÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);Ôò òSpeed€tablesó óÔ#†¼); »çè ‚ÅK#Ô€„€greater€than€theÐ Ñd Ðâ âlength€of€a€carÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ °  ÐThe€same€comments€apply€for€speedÏtables€as€does€for€speed€humps.€ÏSpeed€tables€built€of€block€pavingÏcause€additional€problems€as€theyÏoffer€little€skid€resistance€particularlyÏwhen€wet€or€covered€in€spilt€diesel.€ÏThose€located€at€traffic€junctions€areÏparticularly€prone€to€diesel€spillage.€ÏThe€blocks€themselves€canÏsometimes€become€loose.€€All€ofÏthese€factors€can€lead€to€loss€ofÏcontrol.€€Ð  Ùl  ÐComments€as€speed€control€humpsÏplus€avoid€using€smooth€bricks€thatÏoffer€poor€skid€resistance,€ensureÏthat€surface€water€will€drain€away.Ð ¬ ÐÌÌÌÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);Ôò òÐ  iü ÐÑTRWÏ6Á&A4_¬Á&Ï6A4 LandscapeÏ6Á&A4Á&Ï6A4 LandscapeTÑActions€and€Policy.ó óÔ#†¼); »çè ‚ÈN#ÔÐ m ÐÌà õ àThe€procedures€for€reporting€problems€on€the€highway€will€be€reviewed€andÏimproved.€€This€will€begin€by€raising€awareness€of€all€the€relevant€telephone€numbersÏfor€reporting€problems.€€The€idea€of€producing€a€credit€card€containing€all€thisÏinformation€will€be€looked€into.€€The€cost€of€producing€this€card€could€be€covered€byÏadvertising€on€one€side€perhaps€by€a€local€PTW€dealer.€€Posters€could€be€printedÏgiving€details€of€these€telephone€numbers€and€displayed€in€libraries€and€PTW€shopsÏetc.€€€€€ÌÌà õ àPostage€paid€postcards€for€road€users€for€them€to€note€down€problems€on€theÏhighway€such€as€pot€holes,€broken€street€lights,€and€spilt€water€etc€will€be€considered.€ÏThese€would€then€be€posted€to€the€Council€making€them€aware€of€problems€so€thatÏaction€can€be€taken.€Ì€Ìà õ àThe€mechanism€for€reporting€sites€and€vehicles€guilty€of€leaving€fuel€or€mudÏon€the€highway€will€be€reviewed.€The€target€will€be€to€address€and€remedy€problemsÏwithin€24€hours.€ÌÌà õ àThe€position€of€inspection€chambers€is€constrained€by€the€location€of€theÏservices€beneath€the€road€to€which€they€provide€access.€€However,€when€new€roadsÏare€being€built€inspection€chambers€carefully€positioned€away€from€the€centre€of€theÏroad€and€not€on€a€bend€will€be€encouraged.€€Those€existing€inspection€chamberÏcovers€offering€poor€skid€resistance€will€be€identified€and€have€their€skid€resistanceÏbrought€up€to€an€appropriate€standard.€€It€is€good€practice€to€avoid€differentials€inÏskid€resistance€particularly€on€bends,€at€roundabout€approaches,€circulatoryÏcarriageways€and€roundabout€exits.ÌÌà õ àCareful€consideration€will€be€given€to€the€location€of€street€furniture.€€WhenÏalternatives€exist€it€will€not€be€sited€in€positions€where€it€is€likely€to€be€hit€by€anyÏroad€user€who€for€what€ever€reason€loses€control€of€their€vehicle.ÌÌà õ àAll€traffic€calming€measures€will€be€well€sign€posted€and€lit€at€nights.€€SpeedÏhumps€should€not€be€located€in€the€vicinity€of€junctions,€on€bends€or€the€approachesÏto€them.€€The€preferred€type€of€speed€bump€is€a€speed€cushion€that€gives€powered€twoÏwheelers€the€opportunity€to€pass€to€the€side€of€it.€€Overall€though,€horizontalÏdeflections€such€as€chicanes,€build€outs€and€road€narrowing€are€considered€the€safestÏway€to€calm€the€speeds€of€all€road€users€without€causing€hazards€to€powered€twoÏwheelers.€Ì€à õ àÐ ¡.4*' Ðà õ àWhen€white€lines€are€being€repainted€care€should€be€taken€to€ensure€that€theÏbuild€up€of€layers€of€paint€does€not€result€in€the€line€causing€the€road€surface€to€beÏuneven.€€Use€those€types€of€white€lining€that€give€greatest€skid€resistance.ÌÌà õ àAfter€road€works€the€Council€will€exercise€its€powers€to€ensure€that€€theÏreinstatement€is€satisfactory.Ìò òԇОdÑ »¼);ÔÐ  Ù l Ð12.Ô#†¼); »ÑОd|[#ÔÔ‡Üþ° Ü »¼);Ô€€Road€Works.Ô#†¼); » ÜÜþ°Ö[#Ôó óÐ m ÐÌÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);Ôò òShared€objective:€To€respond€to€the€special€needs€ofÐ  Ðpowered€two€wheeler€riders€at€road€works.€ó óÔ#†¼); »çè ‚>\#ÔÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔÐ  š ÐÔ#†¼); »çè ‚ù\#Ôò òÌÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔIssues.Ô#†¼); »çè ‚T]#Ôó óÐ £ 6 ÐÌà õ àRoad€works€often€result€in€an€uneven€road€surface€which€in€turn€createsÏproblems€for€powered€two€wheeler€riders.€€Cold€planing€is€particularly€hazardous€asÏthe€tracks€formed€can€actually€steer€a€PTW€and€is€then€difficult€to€get€out€of.€€RoadÏworks€must€be€properly€sign€posted€and€well€lit€at€night.€€Often€a€road€is€sign€postedÏððtemporary€surfaceðð€and€then€left€for€a€number€of€weeks.€There€should€be€strictlyÏenforced€time€limits€on€how€long€a€length€of€road€can€remain€as€a€ððtemporaryÏsurfaceðð.€€Cast€steel€plating€that€provides€a€ramp€for€vehicles€at€the€entrances€andÏexits€to€road€works€can€be€treacherously€slippy€and€especially€dangerous€if€the€riderÏis€not€properly€forewarned€and€then€hits€it€speed.€Ì€Ìà õ àTemporary€traffic€lights€often€involve€laying€a€power€cable€across€theÏcarriageway.€€When€this€is€not€covered€and€not€secured€it€effectively€acts€like€a€rollerÏand€can€cause€a€PTWs€front€wheel€to€slide.€€This€problem€is€made€worse€when€it€isÏon€a€bend,€its€entry/exit€or€when€it€is€running€across€the€road€at€an€€angle.ÌÌà õ àTraffic€signs€and€cones€at€road€works€are€often€blown€over€by€wind€or€by€Ïpassing€vehicles,€hit€by€traffic€or€deliberately€knocked€over€by€vandals.€€In€someÏcases€they€may€become€an€obstruction€on€the€highway€causing€PTWs€and€others€toÏswerve.€€If€thy€are€hit€by€a€PTW€the€rider€may€lose€control€and€possibly€crash.Ì€€€€€€Ìà õ àAt€road€works€there€is€usually€machinery€such€as€diggers,€skips€and€generatorsÏetc.€€These€are€sometimes€left€parked€against€the€kerb€at€night.€€If€they€are€leftÏunmarked€they€may€be€hit€by€another€road€user€or€cause€a€vehicle€to€swerve.€€In€eitherÏof€these€cases€an€accident€may€be€caused.ÌÌÌÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);Ôò òAction.ó óÔ#†¼); »çè ‚dd#ÔÔ‡Üþ° Ü »¼);ÔÐ +¤&! ÐÔ#†¼); » ÜÜþ°³d#ÔÌà õ àAll€road€works€including€the€contractors€plant€will€be€properly€lit€andÏaccurately€signed€to€warn€road€users€that€they€are€being€approached.€€Road€signs€willÐ ½.P*$ Ðbe€checked€regularly€to€make€sure€all€the€warnings€remain€in€place.€€€Power€cablesÏrunning€across€the€road€must€be€laid€so€that€they€take€the€most€direct€route€across€theÏcarriageway€at€a€right€angle.€€The€cable€should€then€be€either€fixed€or€covered€withÏcasing€to€keep€it€in€place.€ÌÌà õ àWhere€the€use€of€ramps€is€necessary€at€the€entrance€or€exit€of€road€works€theyÏshould€be€made€of€materials€that€offer€the€maximum€amount€of€skid€resistance.ÌÌÌÐ  ¢  ÐԇОdÑ »¼);Ôò ò13.Ô#†¼); »ÑОd§g#ÔÔ‡Üþ° Ü »¼);Ô€€Powered€Two€Wheelers€in€busÐ m Ðlanes.ó óÔ#†¼); » ÜÜþ°ïg#ÔÐ m ÐÌÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);Ôò òShared€objective:€To€encourage€the€production€of€aÐ É \ Ðcommon€sub€regional€policy€on€powered€two€wheelers€inÏbus€lanes.ó óÔ#†¼); »çè ‚‚h#ÔÐ Ù l  ÐÌÌÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);Ôò òIssues.ó ó€Ð …  ÐÔ#†¼); »çè ‚hi#ÔÌà õ àA€bus€lane€is€a€length€of€road€allocated€use€by€buses€only.€€They€are€usually€onÏbusy€roads€and€are€created€to€allow€buses€to€avoid€the€worst€effects€of€trafficÏcongestion.€€There€benefits€are€quicker€journey€times€and€more€reliable€services.€ÏThere€are€currently€only€short€sections€of€bus€and€cycle€highway€in€Sandwell€thoughÏproper€bus€lanes€will€be€included€in€the€Walsall€to€Blackheath€Showcase€Route€404Ïcurrently€under€design.€€ÌÌòòò òBenefits.ó óóóÐ ¡4 Ðà õ àThe€commonly€cited€benefits€of€allowing€powered€two€wheelers€to€use€busÏlanes€are€that:„€ÌÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥lÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýit€would€make€motorcycling€safer,€by€separating€PTWs€from€other€traffic€itÐ Ùl Ðwould€make€them€more€conspicuous,݃'û¥l:l݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥#mÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýit€would€improve€journey€times,݃'û¥#m>mÝŒÐý õ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÎmÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýit€would€encourage€the€more€widespread€use€of€powered€two€wheelers€„€allÐ "¢ Ðhave€congestion€benefits€and€some€have€environmental€benefits€over€the€car,݃'û¥Îmém݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥únÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýit€would€cut€the€number€of€accidents€involving€pedestrians€and€PTWs€byÐ 3$Æ Ðgiving€them€a€less€obstructed€view€of€each€other.€€The€type€of€accident€whereÏa€pedestrian€crosses€the€road€walking€in€between€stationary€queueing€trafficÏnot€taking€into€account€that€there€may€be€a€powered€two€wheeler€filteringÏthrough€waiting€cars€would€be€reduced,€€€Ýƒ'û¥úno݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥çpÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýwhere€bus€lanes€are€introduced€the€width€of€the€carriageway€is€often€reduced.€Ð ) % ÐThis€exposes€powered€two€wheelers€to€further€danger€as€they€are€forced€toÏeither€encroach€into€the€bus€lane€or€the€outside€of€the€carriageway€where€theyÏare€exposed€to€on€coming€traffic,€Ýƒ'û¥çpq݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥‰rÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýa€PTW€filtering€through€slow€moving/stationary€€traffic€or€over€taking€on€theÐ Õ-h)" Ðinside€is€exposed€to€the€exhaust€emissions€of€other€vehicles.€€Access€to€busÐ ç.z*# Ðlanes€would€solve€this€problem,݃'û¥‰r¤r݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ïsÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýpowered€two€wheelers€can€be€recognised€by€other€road€users€as€a€legitimateÐ  Ðbus€lane€user€and€would€not€therefore€give€the€impression€that€the€bus€lane€isÏopen€for€all€vehicles€to€use€therefore€it€would€not€present€enforcementÏdifficulties,݃'û¥ïs t݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥vuÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýallowing€powered€two€wheelers€to€use€bus€lanes€on€a€trial€basis€would€lead€toÐ Ç Z Ðenforcement€difficulties€should€the€exemption€for€PTWs€be€withdrawn.݃'û¥vu‘u݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ vÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýsome€may€argue€that€only€the€most€fuel€efficient€„€environmentally€friendlyÐ ë ~ ÐPTWs€should€be€allowed€to€use€bus€lanes.€€But€this€would€be€untenable€for€theÏPolice€as€they€would€have€to€discriminate€between€PTWs€on€engine€size.݃'û¥ v»v݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥xÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýif€bus€lanes€are€present€they€should€be€used€as€efficiently€as€possible,€this€helpsÐ !´  Ðcar€drivers€to€understand€and€accept€their€creation.€Ýƒ'û¥x3x݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥9yÝððà0 õ àÝ  ÝPTW€riders€may€choose€to€alter€their€normal€route€to€take€advantage€of€the€busÐ EØ  Ðlane€access.€€This€in€turn€may€help€relieve€congestion€on€other€bus€serviceÏroutes€and€improve€journey€times.€€Ýƒ'û¥9yTy݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥zÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýbeing€overtaken€in€a€bus€lane€by€a€PTW€is€less€hazardous€than€being€overtakenÐ { Ðby€a€bus€or€taxi.€€€Ýƒ'û¥zªz݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌòòò òObjections.ó óóóÐ ±D ÐOthers€however€object€on€the€grounds€that:„€ÌÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ã{Ýððà0 õ àÝ  Ýpedal€cycles€are€valid€users€of€bus€lanes€because€they€move€relatively€slowlyÐ ×j Ðand€are€at€risk€from€passing€vehicles€whereas€PTWs€have€more€power€and€canÏmaintain€their€position€in€the€traffic€flow.݃'û¥ã{þ{݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥@}Ýððà0 õ àÝ  Ýit€would€lead€to€a€greater€possibility€for€speeding€„€however€it€is€illegal€toÐ    Ðrejoin€the€main€traffic€flow€after€having€entered€a€bus€lane,€the€speed€ofÏpowered€two€wheelers€will€therefore€be€limited€by€the€speed€of€buses.€€DespiteÏthe€perception€that€exists€of€speeding€PTWs€DETR€figures€show€that€PTWÏriders€are€more€likely€to€comply€with€urban€speed€limits€than€cars€(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔMotorcycle€Industry,Ð U!è ÐPowered€Two€Wheelers,€The€SMART€Choice€in€Local€Transport€Plans,€A€Policy€Resource€KitÔ#†¼); »ˆ<#Ô).€Ýƒ'û¥@}[}ÝŒÐg"úõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥€Ýððà0 õ àÝ  ÝPTWs€in€bus€lanes€are€a€danger€for€pedal€cyclists€and€pedestrians€as€they€areÐ y#  Ðable€to€travel€at€high€speeds€against€a€background€of€slow€moving€cars.݃'û¥€3€ÝŒÐ õ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥EÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýallowing€¢PTWs£€as€well€as€taxis€to€use€bus€lanes€could€lead€to€an€increase€inÐ %0! Ðviolation€by€other€road€users.€€Ýƒ'û¥E`݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥L‚Ýððà0 õ àÝ  Ýexisting€bus€lane€signs€would€need€to€be€changed€„€though€this€would€not€beÐ Á'T#! Ðthe€case€in€Sandwell.݃'û¥L‚g‚݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥EƒÝððà0 õ àÝ  Ýthere€may€be€a€risk€of€conflicts€between€PTWs€and€other€traffic€where€theyÐ å)x%# Ðrejoin€the€nearside€carriageway.€Ýƒ'û¥Eƒ`ƒÝŒÐ õ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà õ àThe€issue€of€PTWs€in€bus€lanes€was€discussed€at€a€meeting€of€ððCycling€inÏSandwellðð€24òòthóó€September€1997.€€The€meeting€agreed€that€the€ððòòshared€use€of€bus/cycleÐ -.À)' Ðlanes€with€PTWs€was€generally€considered€to€be€acceptableððóó.€€Powered€two€wheelersÐ ?/Ò*( Ðhave€been€allowed€to€use€bus€lanes€in€Bristol€since€12òòthóó€June€1995€initially€under€anÐ m ÐExperimental€Traffic€Regulation€Order€made€by€Avon€County€Council.€€A€videoÏstudy€was€undertaken€which€revealed€that€the€majority€of€motorcyclists€used€busÏlanes€in€preference€to€general€traffic€lanes.€€The€study€did€not€however€produce€anyÏvalid€quantitative€conclusion€regarding€safety€(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔTransport€Research€Laboratory,€Project€Report€PR/TT/19296Ð µH ÐMotorcycle€use€of€bus€lanes€in€Bristol:€A€video€survey,€RJ€Balcombe,€November€1996Ô#†¼); »ˆ<‡#Ô).€Ð Ç Z ÐThe€Department€of€Transport,€Environment€and€the€Regions€considers€that€there€areÏstill€some€unanswered€questions€about€the€impact€of€allowing€powered€two€wheelersÏin€bus€lanes.€€It€would€in€fact€ððòòwelcome€proposals€from€local€authorities€interestedÐ ý  Ðin€conducting€properly€monitored€pilot€studies€of€the€use€of€bus€lanes€by€powered€twoÏwheelers€to€help€inform€decisions€on€whether€there€is€a€case€for€motorcycles€to€beÏallowed€to€use€bus€lanesóóðð€(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔGuidance€on€Provisional€Transport€Plans€April€1999€Department€of€Transport,€Environment€and€theÐ 3Æ  ÐRegionsÔ#†¼); »ˆ<î‰#Ô).€Ð EØ  ÐÌÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);Ôò òAction.ó óÔ#†¼); »çè ‚ÄŠ#ÔÐ iü Ðà õ àÌà õ àñ~ñûÿÿdûñ~ñWhatever€the€view€on€¢PTWs£€in€bus€lanes€it€makes€no€sense€to€have€a€situationÏwhere€neighbouring€authorities€operate€a€different€policy.€€The€situation€could€thenÏarise€where€a€rider€is€allowed€to€use€a€bus€lane€in€one€Borough€but€has€to€leave€whenÏthe€Borough€boundary€is€crossed.€€To€avoid€this€situation€in€the€West€Midlands,Ï¢Sandwell£€Council€will€encourage€a€debate€to€agree€a€common€sub€regional€policy.€€ñ~ñüÿÿdüñ~ñÌÐ  ]ð ÐԇОdÑ »¼);ÔÑ€KÑò ò14.Ô#†¼); »ÑОd#ÔÔ‡Üþ° Ü »¼);Ô€Powered€two€wheelers€as€anÐ m Ðalternative€to€the€caró ó.Ô#†¼); » ÜÜþ°m#ÔÐ m ÐÌò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔShared€objectives:€To€raise€awareness€amongst€poweredÐ Í ` Ðtwo€wheeler€riders€of€the€environmental€and€congestionÏconsequences€of€their€travel€choices.Ô#†¼); »çè ‚Ž#Ôó ó€€€Ð Ý p  ÐÌò òÔ‡è ‚ç »¼);ÔIssuesÔ#†¼); »çè ‚#Ôó óÐ w  ÐÌòòò òRoad€traffic€growth.ó óóóÐ ¤  Ðà õ àCar€traffic€increased€ten€fold€between€1952€and€1992.€€Recent€GovernmentÏforecasts€suggest€that€in€20€yearsðð€time€traffic€levels€will€be€between€36%€and€57%Ïhigher€than€now,€unless€we€change€our€policies€and€travel€habits€(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔDeveloping€an€integratedÐ IÜ  ÐTransport€policy€„€an€invitation€to€contribute€DETR€August€1997Ô#†¼); »ˆ<#Ô).€€This€growth€is€having€a€damaging€effect€uponÐ [î  Ðthe€environment,€public€health€and€the€economy.€For€instance:„ÌÌÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥Ð‘Ýððà0 õ àÝ  ÝGlobal€warming€and€climate€change€is€€caused€by€carbon€dioxide€emissions,Ð ‘$ Ð23%€of€which€come€from€the€transport€sector€(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔConsultation€on€reform€of€Vehicle€Excise€Duty€to€ensureÐ £6 Ða€cleaner€environment,€HM€Treasury€,€November€1998Ô#†¼); »ˆ<¤’#Ô).€Ýƒ'û¥Ð‘ë‘݌еHõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥ª“Ýððà0 õ àÝ  ÝChild€asthma€levels€have€doubled€in€the€last€20€years,€more€than€32€millionÐ ÇZ Ðprescriptions€were€written€for€this€in€1995€(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔTraffic,€Whatððs€the€problem?,€Gloucestershire€CountyÐ Ùl ÐCouncilÔ#†¼); »ˆ<€”#Ô).òò݃'û¥ª“œ݌Ðë~õ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝóóÝ‚'û¥ÿÝÝ  ÝÝ‚'û¥`•Ýððà0 õ àÝ  ÝCBI€estimate€the€time€and€fuel€wasted€in€traffic€jams€costs€the€British€economyÐ ý  Ðð ð19€€billion€per€year.€€Individual€companies€feel€this€burden€in€terms€ofÏdelayed€deliveries,€higher€fuel€consumption,€time€wasted€in€traffic€andÏemployees€arriving€at€work€late€and€€stressed.݃'û¥`•{•݌Рõ#õ# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà õ àBritainððs€roads€are€being€used€more€than€ever€before.€€The€total€number€ofÏvehicle€kilometres€driven€in€the€West€Midlands€increased€by€13€per€cent€betweenÏ1987€and€1997€(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔWest€Midlands€Transport€Package€1998Ô#†¼); »ˆ<Å—#Ô).€€€This€road€traffic€growth€is€having€aÐ {($ Ðdamaging€effect€on€the€environment,€the€economy€and€public€health.€€SandwellÏCouncil€has€responded€to€this€problem€by€adopting€transport€policies€that€encourageÏand€enable€travel€by€means€other€than€by€car.€€€€€Ì€Ìà õ àThere€is€no€single€solution€to€the€problem€of€road€traffic€growth.€€PublicÏtransport,€walking€and€cycling€all€have€a€contribution€to€make€but€they€are€not€ableÐ ç.z*# Ðto€satisfy€travel€need€in€every€situation.€€Powered€two€wheelers€have€significantÏcongestion€benefits€and€in€some€cases€environmental€benefits€over€the€car€whilstÏoffering€the€same€door€to€door€convenience.€€The€Governmentððs€Department€ofÏTransport,€Environment€and€the€Regions€in€the€document€ððGuidance€on€ProvisionalÏLocal€Transport€Plansðð€takes€the€same€view€highlighting€that€ððòòmopeds€and€smallÐ µH Ðmotorcycles€may€produce€benefits€if€they€substitute€car€use,€but€not€if€people€switchÏfrom€walking,€cycling€or€public€transportóóðð.€€€€Ð Ù l ÐÌò òòòRoad€space.à M àóóó óÐ ý  Ðà õ àWhilst€a€PTW€correctly€positioned€takes€up€that€same€amount€of€road€space€asÏa€car€in€free€flowing€traffic€they€are€able€double€up€in€traffic€lanes€when€queuing€atÏtraffic€lights€for€example.€€Furthermore€when€traffic€speeds€fall€to€a€crawl€inÏcongested€conditions€a€¢PTW£€can€filter€through€it.€€In€the€event€of€a€break€down€aÏ¢PTW£€can€usually€be€moved€by€the€rider€out€of€the€traffic€flow€causing€minimal€delayÏto€other€road€users.€€In€a€parking€space€designed€for€a€car€up€to€five€PTWs€can€beÏparked.€€A€modal€shift€away€from€the€car€would€therefore€reduce€the€demand€forÏparking€land.€€Because€¢PTWs£€can€be€parked€more€easily€than€cars,€a€shift€from€car€toÏPTWs€would€mean€fewer€cars€cruising€in€town€centres€looking€for€somewhere€toÏpark.€ÌÌà õ àIt€is€recognised€that€a€solo€PTW€can€carry€at€maximum€only€one€passengerÏcompared€to€three€in€car.€€However€it€should€also€be€recognised€that€the€1992ÏEuropean€Commission€Green€Paper€on€the€impact€of€Transport€on€the€EnvironmentÏcited€average€vehicle€occupancy€rates€as€1€to€1.2€persons€during€peak€travelling€timesÏin€European€cities.ÌÌò òòòRoad€damage.óóó óÐ C Ö Ѐà õ àBecause€of€their€light€weight€and€low€axle€loadings€powered€two€wheelers€areÐ W!ê Ðresponsible€for€minimal€road€damage.€€Accommodating€PTWs€would€require€fewÏchanges€to€the€current€road€infrastructure.€ÌÌòòò òTime€savings.ó óóóÐ Ÿ%2! Ðà õ àThe€European€Commissions€Motor€Vehicle€Emissions€Group€reported€in€1992Ïthat€PTWs€could€undertake€urban€journeys€16€to€46€per€cent€quicker€than€cars.ÌÌòòò òSustainabilty.ó óóóÐ é)|%# Ѐ€Ô‡ ¼); » »¼);Ôà õ àGenerally€PTWs€have€lower€fuel€consumption€and€hence€lower€carbon€dioxideÐ ý*&$ Ðemissions€(the€ððgreenhouse€gasðð)Ô#†¼); » » ¼);ô¢#ÔÔ‡ ¼); » »¼);Ô€than€driver€only€cars€but€on€a€per€passenger€basisÐ ,¢'% Ðthe€benefits€are€less€clear€cut.€€PTWs€generally€emit€more€hydrocarbons€and€carbonÏmonoxide€per€kilometre€travelled€than€petrol€cars€equipped€with€catalytic€convertersÏbut€broadly€similar€amounts€of€nitrogen€oxides€and€particulates€„€the€pollutants€ofÐ E/Ø*( ÐÑK0Ñâ âÑ>mÑâ âÑ  Ñmost€concern€in€urban€areasòò€óóÔ#†¼); » » ¼);Æ£#Ô(Ô‡ˆ< »¼);ÔMotorcycles,€DETR,€RSVD€October€1997Ô#†¼); »ˆ<È¥#Ô)Ô‡ ¼); » »¼);Ô.€Mopeds€and€lower€poweredÐ > Ð2„stroke€PTWs€are€more€fuel€efficient€and€emit€slightly€less€nitrogen€oxide€than€aÏpetrol€car€with€a€catalytic€converter.€€However,€they€emit€rather€more€particulates€dueÏto€the€addition€of€lubricating€oil€to€the€fuel.€€Ninety€per€cent€of€PTWs€can€run€onÏunleaded€petrol€Ô#†¼i) » » ¼i)u§#Ô(Ô‡ ¼i) » »¼i)ÔÔ‡ ­Ã6 » ¼i)ÔBritish€Motorcyclists€Federation,€Motor€cycle€Use€„€The€road€to€reduced€pollution€&€congestionÔ#†Â­Ã6Â6 ­Ãö¨#ÔÔ#†¼i) »6­é#Ô)Ô‡ ¼i) » »¼i)Ô.Ð †H ÐÌà õ àA€¢PTW£ððs€ability€to€filter€through€stationary€traffic€means€that€they€are€forcedÏto€remain€stationary€with€the€engine€idling€„€consuming€fuel€and€producing€emissions,Ïless€often€than€a€car.€It€also€takes€far€fewer€resources€to€make€a€PTW€compared€to€aÏcar.€€Once€a€PTW€has€reached€the€end€of€its€useful€life€75€per€cent€of€components€canÏbe€reused€on€other€machines,€the€remaining€25€per€cent€can€be€recycled€(Ô#†¼i) » » ¼i)Ù©#ÔÔ‡¨n »¼i)ÔMotorcycle€Industry,Ð ò´  ÐPowered€Two€Wheelers€the€Smart€Choice,€1999Ô#†¼i) »¨nÜ«#Ô)Ô‡ ¼i) » »¼i)Ô.€€At€most€only€3€per€cent€of€an€end€of€life€PTW€ends€upÐ Æ  Ðas€valueless€shredding€residue€Ô#†¼i) » » ¼i)s¬#Ô(Ô‡ ¼i) » »¼i)ÔÔ‡ ­Ã6 » ¼i)ÔBritish€Motorcyclists€Federation,€Motor€cycle€Use€„€The€road€to€reduced€pollutionÐ Ø  Ð&€congestionÔ#†Â­Ã6Â6 ­Ã"­#ÔÔ#†¼i) »6­ÃA­#Ô)Ô‡ ¼i) » »¼i)Ô.Ô#†¼i) » » ¼i)®#ÔÔ‡ ¼i) » »¼i)ÔÐ (ê  ÐÌÌÌÔ#†¼i) » » ¼i)\®#ÔÔ‡ ¼i) » »¼i)ÔÔ*wƒ9:d dºdd ºdd dd "+&##wÔÔ,¡ÔÔ,XÔÔ,$ÔÔ,¦ÔÔ,üÔÔ,äÔÔ,ÀÔÔ,ÂÔÔ+  ÔÐ 4€HH+H! p2 ‚(‚ƒƒ„„……4ÐÔ‡ Xð/X » ¼i)Ôò òTABLE€THREE:€Emission€Factors€by€Vehicle€Type.ó óÐ T€H+C(˜Z" ( HH+H €Í€‚(‚ƒƒ„„‹‹TÐÔ#†Xð/XX Xð/¶®#ÔÔ‡ Xð/XXXð/ÔÓ$ÜÜŒXü!¬&†X$Óò òÓ  ÓModeó óÐ ¬n ÐÐ >€+-˜Z#H+ „„‹‹>ÐÓ<+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!<ÓÓ  ÓCarbonÏMonoxideÌÐ >€+-„F!+ „„‹‹>ÐÓ  ÓNitrogen€Ð ¬n ÐOxidesÐ >€+-˜Z!+ „„‹‹>ÐÓ  ÓHydro„Ð ¬n ÐcarbonsÐ >€+-˜Z!+ „„‹‹>ÐÓ  ÓParticluatesÐ >€+-¬n!+ „„‹‹>ÐÓ  ÓLead€Ð >€+-¬n!+ „„‹‹>ÐÓ  ÓSulphurÐ ¬n ЀOxidesÐ @€+H-˜Z!+ „„‹‹@ÐÓ  ÓCarbon€Ð ¬n  ÐDioxideÐ W€H++B*˜Z!! 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